References
Baracco R et al. Pediatric Hypertensive Emergencies. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2014; 16:456.
Belsha CW. Pediatric Hypertension in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med. 2008; 51(3):21-24.
Chandar J et al. Hypertensive crisis in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012; 27:741-751.
Dionne JM et al. Hypertension Canada’s 2017 Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Pediatric Hypertension. Canadian J Cardiol. 2017; 33:577-585
*Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al; SUBCOMMITTEE ON SCREENING AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHILDREN. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017; 140(3):e20171904
Gilhotra Y et al. Blood pressure measurements on children in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 2006; 18:148-154.
Lurbe E et al. 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens. 2016; 34:1-35.
Patel NH et al. Evaluation and management of pediatric hypertensive crises: hypertensive urgency and hypertensive emergencies. Open Access Emergency Medicine. 2012; 4:85-92.
Yang WC et al. Clinical Analysis of Hypertension in Children Admitted to the Emergency Department. Pediatr Neonatol. 2010; 1:44-51.
Addendum: Causes of Malignant Hypertension by Age
| Infant to Toddler | Preschool to School Age | Adolescent to Adult |
| Renal disease | Renal disease | Primary hypertension |
| Coarctation of the aorta | Coarctation of the aorta | Medication non-adherence |
| Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | Drug induced/toxicologic | Renal disease |
| Increased intracranial pressure | Increased intracranial pressure | Increased intracranial pressure |
| Volume overload | Pheochromocytoma | Pheochromocytoma |
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | Primary hypertension | Drug induced/toxicologic |
Adapted from: Constantine E. Hypertension. In: Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 6th Ed. Fleischer GR, Ludwig S, Henretig FM (Eds). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 2010; p315.
This post and podcast are dedicated to Manpreet ‘Manny’ Singh for his collegiality, collaboration, and overall awesomeness.
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