Focus On: Breath Holding Spells

From a Parents’ Perspective:

A Toddler with a Cyanotic Breath Holding Spell (Courtesy of Brittany Embry)

Selected References

Bye AM, Kok DJ, Ferenschild FT, Vles JS. Paroxysmal non-epileptic events in children: a retrospective study over a period of 10 years. J Paediatr Child Health 2000; 36:244.

DiMario FJ Jr. Breath-holding spells in childhood. Am J Dis Child 1992; 146:125.

DiMario FJ Jr, Burleson JA. Autonomic nervous system function in severe breath-holding spells. Pediatr Neurol 1993; 9:268.

DiMario FJ Jr. Prospective study of children with cyanotic and pallid breath-holding spells. Pediatrics 2001; 107:265.

Kolkiran A, Tutar E, Atalay S, et al. Autonomic nervous system functions in children with breath-holding spells and effects of iron deficiency. Acta Paediatr 2005; 94:1227.

Orii KE, Kato Z, Osamu F, et al. Changes of autonomic nervous system function in patients with breath-holding spells treated with iron. J Child Neurol 2002; 17:337.